Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, uhlanga lwesintu luye lwathakazelelwa ukuhlola indawo nokuqonda ukuthi yini engalé koMhlaba.Izinhlangano ezinkulu ezifana ne-NASA ne-ESA bezilokhu zihamba phambili ekuhloleni indawo, futhi omunye umdlali obalulekile kulokhu kunqotshwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D.Ngokukwazi ukukhiqiza ngokushesha izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezindleko eziphansi, lobu buchwepheshe bokuklama buya ngokuya buthandwa ezinkampanini.Kwenza ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kwenzeke, njengamasathelayithi, ama-spacesuits, nezingxenye zamarokhethi.Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwe-SmarTech, inani lemakethe lemboni yangasese yokukhiqiza okungeziwe kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele ku-€ 2.1 billion ngo-2026. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo: Ukunyathelisa kwe-3D kungasiza kanjani abantu ukuba baphumelele emkhathini?
Ekuqaleni, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kwakusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwenza i-prototyping esheshayo embonini yezokwelapha, yezimoto, neye-aerospace.Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubuchwepheshe sebusakazeke kakhulu, buyasetshenziswa kakhulu ezingxenyeni zenhloso yokugcina.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwensimbi, ikakhulukazi i-L-PBF, buvumele ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezinezici nokuqina okufanele izimo zesikhala ezibucayi.Obunye ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D, obufana ne-DED, i-binder jetting, nenqubo ye-extrusion, nazo zisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izingxenye ze-aerospace.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela amamodeli ebhizinisi amasha, nezinkampani ezifana ne-Made in Space kanye ne-Relativity Space ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D ukuze zenze izingxenye ze-aerospace.
I-Relativity Space ithuthukisa iphrinta ye-3D yomkhakha we-aerospace
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D ku-aerospace
Manje njengoba sesiwethulile, ake sibhekisise ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuphrinta be-3D obusetshenziswa embonini ye-aerospace.Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezithako zensimbi, ikakhulukazi i-L-PBF, yiyona esetshenziswa kakhulu kulo mkhakha.Le nqubo ihilela ukusebenzisa amandla e-laser ukuhlanganisa ungqimba lwempuphu yensimbi ngongqimba.Ifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinembile, futhi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.Abakhiqizi be-aerospace nabo bangazuza ku-DED, ehlanganisa ukufaka izintambo zensimbi noma impushana futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulungisa, ukumboza, noma ukukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi noma zobumba ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Ngokuphambene, i-binder jetting, nakuba inenzuzo mayelana nesivinini sokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphansi, ayifanele ukukhiqiza izingxenye zemishini ezisebenza kahle ngoba idinga izinyathelo zokuqinisa ngemva kokucubungula okwandisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza somkhiqizo wokugcina.Ubuchwepheshe be-Extrusion busebenza kahle endaweni yasemkhathini.Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-polymers afanele ukusetshenziswa emkhathini, kodwa amapulasitiki asebenza kahle njenge-PEEK angashintsha ezinye izingxenye zensimbi ngenxa yamandla azo.Nokho, le nqubo yokunyathelisa ye-3D ayikasakazeki kakhulu, kodwa ingaba yimpahla ebalulekile yokuhlola indawo ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha.
I-Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphrinteni kwe-3D kwe-aerospace.
Amandla Wezinto Zomkhathi
Imboni ye-aerospace ibihlola izinto ezintsha ngokuphrinta kwe-3D, iphakamisa ezinye izindlela ezintsha ezingase ziphazamise imakethe.Nakuba izinsimbi ezifana ne-titanium, i-aluminium, nama-alloys e-nickel-chromium bekulokhu kugxilwe kuzo okuyinhloko, into entsha ingase yebe ukukhanya: i-lunar regolith.I-Lunar regolith ungqimba lothuli olumboze inyanga, futhi i-ESA ibonise izinzuzo zokuyihlanganisa nokuphrinta kwe-3D.U-Advenit Makaya, unjiniyela omkhulu wokukhiqiza we-ESA, uchaza i-lunar regolith efana nokhonkolo, ngokuyinhloko eyakhiwe nge-silicon nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana nensimbi, i-magnesium, i-aluminium, nomoya-mpilo.I-ESA ibambisene ne-Lithoz ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane ezisebenzayo njengezikulufi namagiya kusetshenziswa i-lunar regolith enezici ezifana nothuli lwangempela lwenyanga.
Iningi lezinqubo ezihilelekile ekukhiqizeni i-lunar regolith zisebenzisa ukushisa, okuyenza ihambisane nobuchwepheshe obufana ne-SLS nezixazululo zokuphrinta ze-powder bonding.I-ESA futhi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-D-Shape ngenhloso yokukhiqiza izingxenye eziqinile ngokuxuba i-magnesium chloride nezinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi ihlanganiswe ne-magnesium oxide etholakala kusifanekiso esilingisiwe.Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zale nto yenyanga ukugqama kwayo okuphrintiwe, okuyenza ikwazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezinemba eliphakeme kakhulu.Lesi sici singaba yimpahla eyinhloko ekwandiseni ububanzi bezinhlelo zokusebenza nezingxenye zokukhiqiza zezisekelo zenyanga ezizayo.
I-Lunar Regolith ikuyo yonke indawo
Kukhona futhi i-Martian regolith, ibhekisa ezintweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ezitholakala ku-Mars.Njengamanje, ama-ejensi asemkhathini wamazwe ngamazwe awakwazi ukubuyisela lokhu kwaziswa, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuvimbe ososayensi ekucwaningeni amandla ayo kumaphrojekthi athile asemkhathini.Abacwaningi basebenzisa izibonelo ezilingisayo zale nto futhi bayihlanganisa ne-titanium alloy ukuze bakhiqize amathuluzi noma izingxenye zerokhethi.Imiphumela yokuqala ibonisa ukuthi le nto izonikeza amandla aphezulu futhi ivikele imishini ekugqwaleni nasekulimaleni kwemisebe.Yize lezi zinto ezimbili zinezakhiwo ezifanayo, i-lunar regolith iseyimpahla ehlolwe kakhulu.Enye inzuzo ukuthi lezi zinto zingenziwa endaweni ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthutha izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela eMhlabeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-regolith ingumthombo wezinto ezibonakalayo ongashi, osiza ukuvimbela ukushoda.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D embonini ye-aerospace
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D embonini ye-aerospace kungahluka kuye ngenqubo ethile esetshenzisiwe.Isibonelo, i-laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye zesikhathi esifushane eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengezinhlelo zamathuluzi noma izingxenye eziyisikhala.I-Launcher, isiqalisi esizinze eCalifornia, sasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-Velo3D be-sapphire-metal 3D ukuthuthukisa injini yayo yerokhethi engu-E-2.Inqubo yomkhiqizi yasetshenziselwa ukwakha i-turbine yokungeniswa, edlala indima ebalulekile ekusheshiseni nasekushayeleni i-LOX (i-oksijini yoketshezi) ekamelweni elivuthayo.I-turbine nenzwa ngayinye yaphrintwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D yase ihlanganiswa.Le ngxenye emisha ihlinzeka i-rocket ngokugeleza okukhulu koketshezi kanye nokudonsa okukhulu, okuyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yenjini.
I-Velo3D ibe nesandla ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-PBF ekwenzeni injini ye-rocket eyi-E-2.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi, kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwezakhiwo ezincane nezinkulu.Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D obufana nesisombululo se-Relativity Space's Stargate bungasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye ezinkulu ezifana namathangi kaphethiloli we-rocket nama-propeller blades.I-Relativity Space ikufakazele lokhu ngokukhiqizwa ngempumelelo kwe-Terran 1, irokhethi ecishe ibe yi-3D ephrintiwe ngokuphelele, okuhlanganisa nethangi likaphethiloli elingamamitha ambalwa ubude.Ukwethulwa kwayo okokuqala ngoMashi 23, 2023, kubonise ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza okungeziwe.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D obusekelwe ku-Extrusion buvumela nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye kusetshenziswa izinto ezisebenza kahle njenge-PEEK.Izingxenye ezenziwe ngale thermoplastic sezihloliwe kakade emkhathini futhi zafakwa ku-Rashid rover njengengxenye yomsebenzi wenyanga we-UAE.Injongo yalokhu kuhlola bekuwukuhlola ukumelana kwe-PEEK nezimo zenyanga ezidlulele.Uma iphumelele, i-PEEK ingase ikwazi ukushintsha izingxenye zensimbi ezimweni lapho izingxenye zensimbi ziphuka noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyindlala.Ukwengeza, izakhiwo ze-PEEK ezingasindi zingase zibe yigugu ekuhloleni isikhala.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D bungasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zemboni ye-aerospace.
Izinzuzo zokuphrinta kwe-3D embonini ye-aerospace
Izinzuzo zokuphrinta kwe-3D embonini ye-aerospace zihlanganisa ukubukeka kokugcina okuthuthukisiwe kwezingxenye uma kuqhathaniswa namasu okwakha endabuko.UJohannes Homa, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Austrian 3D printer iLithoz, uthe "lobu buchwepheshe benza izingxenye zibe lula."Ngenxa yenkululeko yokuklama, imikhiqizo ephrintiwe ye-3D isebenza kahle kakhulu futhi idinga izinsiza ezimbalwa.Lokhu kunomthelela omuhle kumthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwengxenye.I-Relativity Space ibonise ukuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kunganciphisa kakhulu inani lezingxenye ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhumbi-mkhathi.Kurokhethi ye-Terran 1, kugcinwe izingxenye eziyi-100.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buchwepheshe bunezinzuzo eziphawulekayo ngesivinini sokukhiqiza, ne-rocket iqedwa ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu-60.Ngokuphambene, ukwenza i-rocket usebenzisa izindlela zendabuko kungathatha iminyaka eminingana.
Mayelana nokuphathwa kwensiza, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kungagcina okokusebenza futhi, kwezinye izimo, kuvumele nokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza.Okokugcina, ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kungase kube yimpahla ebalulekile yokunciphisa isisindo sokusuka samarokhethi.Umgomo uwukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zasendaweni, njenge-regolith, futhi kuncishiswe ukuthuthwa kwezinto ngaphakathi kwemikhumbi-mkhathi.Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthwala kuphela iphrinta ye-3D, engadala yonke into esizeni ngemva kohambo.
I-Made in Space isivele ithumele enye yephrinta yayo ye-3D esikhaleni ukuze ihlolwe.
Imikhawulo yokuphrinta kwe-3D emkhathini
Nakuba ukuphrinta kwe-3D kunezinzuzo eziningi, ubuchwepheshe busebusha futhi bunokulinganiselwa.U-Advenit Makaya uthe, "Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ngokukhiqizwa kwezithasiselo embonini ye-aerospace ukulawula inqubo nokuqinisekisa."Abakhiqizi bangangena elebhu futhi bahlole amandla engxenye ngayinye, ukwethembeka, kanye nesakhiwo esincane ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlola okungabhubhisi (NDT).Nokho, lokhu kungase kudle isikhathi futhi kubize, ngakho umgomo omkhulu uwukunciphisa isidingo salezi zivivinyo.I-NASA isanda kusungula isikhungo sokubhekana nalolu daba, sigxile ekuqinisekisweni okusheshayo kwezingxenye zensimbi ezikhiqizwa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe.Lesi sikhungo sihlose ukusebenzisa amawele edijithali ukuthuthukisa amamodeli emikhiqizo yekhompyutha, okuzosiza onjiniyela baqonde kangcono ukusebenza nokulinganiselwa kwezingxenye, okuhlanganisa ukuthi ingakanani ingcindezi abangamelana nayo ngaphambi kokuphuka.Ngokwenza kanjalo, isikhungo sithemba ukusiza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kokuphrinta kwe-3D embonini ye-aerospace, okwenza kube nempumelelo kakhulu ekuqhudelaneni namasu okukhiqiza endabuko.
Lezi zingxenye zithole ukwethembeka okuphelele nokuhlolwa kwamandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inqubo yokuqinisekisa ihlukile uma ukukhiqiza kwenziwa emkhathini.U-Advenit Makaya we-ESA uyachaza, "Kukhona inqubo ehilela ukuhlaziya izingxenye ngesikhathi sokuphrinta."Le ndlela isiza ekunqumeni ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo ephrintiwe efanelekile nengafanele.Ukwengeza, kukhona isistimu yokuzilungisa yamaphrinta e-3D ehloselwe isikhala futhi ihlolwa emishinini yensimbi.Lolu hlelo lungakwazi ukuhlonza amaphutha angaba khona enqubweni yokukhiqiza futhi luguqule ngokuzenzakalelayo amapharamitha alo ukuze kulungiswe noma yikuphi ukonakala engxenyeni.Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili kulindeleke ukuthi zithuthukise ukwethembeka kwemikhiqizo ephrintiwe emkhathini.
Ukuqinisekisa izixazululo zokuphrinta ze-3D, i-NASA ne-ESA basungule izindinganiso.Lawa mazinga ahlanganisa uchungechunge lokuhlola ukuze kutholwe ukwethembeka kwezingxenye.Bacabangela ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-powder bed futhi bayazibuyekezela ezinye izinqubo.Kodwa-ke, abadlali abaningi abakhulu embonini yezinto zokwakha, abanjengo-Arkema, BASF, Dupont, kanye neSabic, nabo bahlinzeka ngalokhu kulandeleka.
Ukuhlala emkhathini?
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D, sibone amaphrojekthi amaningi aphumelelayo Emhlabeni asebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ukwakha izindlu.Lokhu kusenza sizibuze ukuthi ingabe le nqubo ingase isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze noma esikude ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezihlalekayo emkhathini.Nakuba ukuhlala emkhathini kungenangqondo okwamanje, ukwakha izindlu, ikakhulukazi enyangeni, kungaba yinzuzo kosomkhathi ekwenzeni ohambweni lwasemkhathini.Umgomo we-European Space Agency (ESA) uwukwakha amadome enyangeni kusetshenziswa i-lunar regolith, engasetshenziswa ukwakha izindonga noma izitini ukuvikela osomkhathi emisebeni.Ngokuka-Advenit Makaya ovela e-ESA, i-lunar regolith yakhiwe cishe nge-60% yensimbi kanye no-40% komoyampilo futhi iyimpahla ebalulekile yokuphila kosomkhathi ngoba inganikeza umthombo ongapheli womoya-mpilo uma ukhishwa kule nto.
I-NASA inikeze u-ICON uxhaso lwezigidi ezingu-57.2 zamaRandi ngokwakha uhlelo lokunyathelisa lwe-3D lokwakha izakhiwo endaweni yenyanga futhi iphinde ihlanganyele nenkampani ukwakha indawo yokuhlala ye-Mars Dune Alpha.Umgomo uwukuhlola izimo zokuphila ku-Mars ngokwenza izisebenzi zokuzithandela zihlale endaweni ehlala unyaka owodwa, zilingisa izimo ze-Red Planet.Le mizamo imele izinyathelo ezibucayi eziya ekwakhiweni ngokuqondile kwezakhiwo eziphrintiwe ze-3D enyangeni nase-Mars, ezingagcina zivule indlela yokuba ikoloni yendawo yomuntu.
Esikhathini esizayo esikude, lezi zindlu zingenza ukuphila kuphile emkhathini.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-14-2023